The Thyroid
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of the neck that controls the “speed” of many vital functions in your body. It produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate:
- Metabolism (how your body uses energy)
- Body weight
- Heart rate
- Body temperature
- Growth and development
Diseases caused by thyroid dysfunction
1. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid):
- Fatigue and low energy
- Unexplained weight gain
- Dry skin, hair loss
- Depression, constipation
2. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid):
- Unexplained weight loss
- Nervousness, anxiety, insomnia
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Excessive sweating, tremors
3. Thyroid nodules (lumps in the thyroid):
- Usually benign, but some can be cancerous
4. Goiter (enlarged thyroid):
- Visible swelling in the neck
- May cause trouble swallowing or breathing
5. Thyroid cancer:
- More common in women
- Often detected as a hard lump in the neck
Warning signs: When to see a doctor
- Lump or swelling in the neck
- Sudden weight changes (gain or loss)
- Extreme fatigue or nervousness without explanation
- Hair loss or very dry skin
- Strong or irregular palpitations
- Difficulty swallowing or breathing
- Persistent hoarseness or voice changes
Treatment options
Hypothyroidism:
- Thyroid hormone replacement medication (levothyroxine)
Hyperthyroidism:
- Medications to reduce hormone production
- Radioactive iodine, or surgery
Nodules or thyroid cancer:
- Surgery to remove part or all of the gland
Regular monitoring:
- Blood tests and thyroid ultrasound