The Thyroid

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of the neck that controls the “speed” of many vital functions in your body. It produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate:

• Metabolism (how your body uses energy)
• Body weight
• Heart rate
• Body temperature
• Growth and development

Diseases caused by thyroid dysfunction

1. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid):

• Fatigue and low energy
• Unexplained weight gain
• Dry skin, hair loss
• Depression, constipation

2. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid):

• Unexplained weight loss
• Nervousness, anxiety, insomnia
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Excessive sweating, tremors

3. Thyroid nodules (lumps in the thyroid):

• Usually benign, but some can be cancerous

4. Goiter (enlarged thyroid):

• Visible swelling in the neck
• May cause trouble swallowing or breathing

5. Thyroid cancer:

• More common in women
• Often detected as a hard lump in the neck

Warning signs: When to see a doctor

• Lump or swelling in the neck
• Sudden weight changes (gain or loss)
• Extreme fatigue or nervousness without explanation
• Hair loss or very dry skin
• Strong or irregular palpitations
• Difficulty swallowing or breathing
• Persistent hoarseness or voice changes

Treatment options

Hypothyroidism:

• Thyroid hormone replacement medication (levothyroxine)

Hyperthyroidism:

• Medications to reduce hormone production
• Radioactive iodine, or surgery

Nodules or thyroid cancer:

• Surgery to remove part or all of the gland

Regular monitoring:

• Blood tests and thyroid ultrasound